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60 mins
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+80 XP
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Authorship and Authenticity

Explore how to determine the authorship of sources in your research. Assess the expertise and potential agendas of writers or organisations, then create notes to justify the reliability of your evidence.

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    1 - Introduction ~5 mins

    Named source with a clear byline versus an anonymous page with no identifiable author

    Welcome

    You already have a reference list for your investigation. Today you dig one layer deeper: who actually wrote each source, what expertise they bring, and whether they have a reason to push a particular conclusion. That check is what turns a list of links into evidence you can defend when someone asks you why you believed a page.

    By the end of today you will be able to:

    • Work out who wrote a page, what they know about the subject, and what they gain if you believe them
    • Say what a named source is worth as evidence and what an anonymous one is worth
    • Write a two-sentence authorship note under two of the sources you are actually using

    Warm-up

    Think of one page you used while building sm4_references. Can you name the person or organisation that wrote it, without opening the tab? If you cannot, that is exactly the gap this lesson closes.

    Missing sm4_references? Open sm4_search_log in the same folder, or two bookmarked investigation pages. List the two sources you will use today. Build or catch up the full reference list later — you can still write authorship notes on those two sources now.

    2 - Key Concepts ~8 mins

    You will write a short authorship note under each source you keep. Learn the pattern first, then use the table as a quick reference.

    How to write a two-sentence authorship note

    • Sentence 1: Name the author or organisation and state their relevant expertise (or say you cannot verify any).
    • Sentence 2: Flag any conflict of interest, commercial agenda, or reason to treat the source carefully.
    • Verify line (short): One place you checked (About page, staff directory, register, or another independent mention) and whether the writer or organisation checked out — or write could not verify.

    Worked example

    Reference entry before and after a two-sentence authorship note

    Investigation question: "What does a retail Work Experience placement in Ireland typically involve?"

    Source: a blog post titled "Nail your shop-floor placement" on a CV-writing service site.

    Authorship note: The post is by "Team CareerBoost" with no named writer and no listed retail experience; the site sells paid CV packages. The commercial goal is to push readers toward a paid service, so treat placement tips as marketing copy until you match them against a named supervisor, ETB guidance, or Citizens Information.

    Verify: About page lists only a brand name and a sales form — could not verify a named retail expert.

    That is the quality bar for the notes you will write on your own sources.

    Quick reference

    ConceptWhy it mattersExample
    Authorship — who created or published the sourceIf you cannot name the writer, you cannot judge expertise or agendaCitizens Information page on apprenticeships (public information service)
    Authenticity — whether the source is genuinely what it claims to beLookalike sites and empty About pages can pass a quick skim
    Named vs anonymous — clearly identified and checkable, or nobody you can pin downNamed sources can be verified; anonymous posts are weak evidence on their own for KA1Met Éireann summary on met.ie vs a Reddit comment with no profile history
    Expertise and agenda — relevant knowledge, plus whether the writer gains if you believe themSkill is not the same as neutrality; a strong writer can still be selling somethingNamed dietitian with cited studies vs a supplement shop blog

    Authenticity check (60 seconds): Open About or Contact, the footer, and the browser tab title. Look for a real organisation name, a postal address, or a staff list. If nothing checks out, say so in your verify line — that honest line still counts.

    • A Citizens Information page is published by a statutory public information service, not a private tutor selling courses.
    • An "Irish careers advice" blog with no postal address, no named editor, and stock photos is not the same as a named careers officer at your ETB.

    3 - Where Do You Stand on Authorship? ~12 mins

    Tip

    Pair check first (about 3 minutes): With a partner, take the words from the key concepts table — authorship, authenticity, named and anonymous, expertise, agenda, conflict of interest, verification — and match each one to the plain-English meaning your teacher puts on the board. Agree on each pair before you debate, because shared definitions make the discussion fairer.

    Key point

    As a class, place markers on each statement. There is no single school answer: justify your position with the ideas from the key concepts table, then hear how others argue.

    After the first statement, your teacher will write one live authorship note on the board from a real investigation page so you can see the finished product before you open your own file.

    Interactive activity

    4 - Common Issues ~3 mins

    Common Issues

    Tip

    Keep this table open while you write your notes. Your teacher will also leave it projected during Independent Practice.

    IssueSolution
    I cannot find any author name on the pageCheck the top and bottom of the article, an About or Contact page, the site footer, and the browser tab title. If you still have only a brand name, treat the organisation as the author and say so in your note. If you cannot identify even the organisation, mark the source anonymous and decide whether it is only a lead.
    The author has a grand job title but no proofSearch the person's full name plus the organisation. Look for a staff directory, LinkedIn, a professional register, or another independent site that mentions them. If nothing verifies the title, write that the claimed expertise is unverified.
    The page looks official but feels salesyAsk what the publisher gains if you believe them. Product pages, lead-gen blogs, and "free guide" funnels often hide a commercial agenda. Name that agenda in sentence 2 of your authorship note.
    My two sources are both from the same organisationThat is one publisher, not two independent checks. Pick a second source from a different organisation so your authorship notes actually compare different writers.

    5 - Independent Practice ~20 mins

    Independent Practice

    Your goal: Add clear authorship notes under two sources in your reference list so you can defend those sources when you present your investigation findings.
    Time: ~20 minutes
    Task: Open your {{code:Project_Portfolio}} folder, go to {{code:09_specialism/sm4/}}, and open {{code:sm4_references}}. Choose two sources you actually plan to use for your investigation. Prefer one named source and one weaker or anonymous source if you have both, so the contrast is visible. Under each source, click on a new line and type the exact heading Authorship note, then write exactly two sentences on the next lines using the lesson pattern: who wrote it and what expertise they have, then any conflict of interest or reason to read carefully. Under each note, add one short verify line: one place you checked (About or staff page, register, or independent mention) and whether the writer or organisation checked out — or write could not verify. Word Online or Google Docs: click under the reference entry, type the heading Authorship note, then write your two sentences and the verify line on the lines below. When both notes are done, leave the file saved as {{code:sm4_references}} inside {{code:Project_Portfolio/09_specialism/sm4/}} and leave it open for your teacher to spot-check. Do not create a separate authorship file — the notes stay inside {{code:sm4_references}}.

    Sentence starters (use or adapt):

    • Sentence 1: This source was written by ___ (person/organisation). Their relevant expertise is ___ / I could not verify any expertise because ___.
    • Sentence 2: I need to treat this carefully because ___ (agenda / conflict / anonymous).
    • Verify: I checked ___ and found ___ / could not verify.

    Stuck on a page with no byline? Do not skip it — write that there is no named author and whether the organisation can be identified. That honest note still counts.

    Success criteria:
    • Two different sources in {{code:sm4_references}} each have the heading Authorship note and a short note underneath (notes live in this file only)
    • Each note is two sentences: identity and expertise first, agenda or conflict second, plus one verify line
    • At least one note names a real person or organisation you could verify; if a source is anonymous, the note says so plainly
    • File is saved as {{code:sm4_references}} in {{code:Project_Portfolio/09_specialism/sm4/}} and a classmate reading only the notes could tell why you would trust, caution, or drop each source
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